elife 7:e37727ĭe Ridder D, Vanneste S, Plazier M, van der Loo E, Menovsky T (2010) Burst spinal cord stimulation: toward paresthesia-free pain suppression. Neurosurg Rev 39(1):27–35ĭe Lima-Pardini AC, Coelho DB, Souza CP, Souza CO, Ghilardi MGDS, Garcia T, Voos M, Milosevic M, Hamani C, Teixeira LA, Fonoff ET (2018) Effects of spinal cord stimulation on postural control in Parkinson’s disease patients with freezing of gait. N Y State J Med 73:2868–2872ĭe Andrade EM, Ghilardi MG, Cury RG, Barbosa ER, Fuentes R, Teixeira MJ, Fonoff ET (2016) Spinal cord stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Pain Med 20(Suppl 1):S13–S22Ĭook AW, Weinstein SP (1973) Chronic dorsal column stimulation in multiple sclerosis. Bioelectron Med 6:5Ĭhakravarthy K, Fishman MA, Zuidema X, Hunter CW, Levy R (2019) Mechanism of action in burst spinal cord stimulation: review and recent advances. Int J Neurosci 127(1):28–36Ĭai Y, Reddy RD, Varshney V, Chakravarthy KV (2020) Spinal cord stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a review of the preclinical and clinical data and future prospects. Phys Ther 85(2):134–141īrys I, Bobela W, Schneider BL, Aebischer P, Fuentes R (2017) Spinal cord stimulation improves forelimb use in an alpha-synuclein animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Diseases 7:18īrusse KJ, Zimdars S, Zaleswki KR, Steffen TM (2005) Testing functional performance in people with Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol 10:462īrognara L, Palumbo P, Grimm B, Palmerini L (2019) Assessing gait in Parkinson’s disease using wearable motion sensors: a systematic review. BMC Neurol 17:148īeudel M, Sadnicka A, Edwards M, de Jong BM (2019) Linking pathological oscillations with altered temporal processing in Parkinsons disease: neurophysiological mechanisms and implications for neuromodulation. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 52(7):470–474Īkiyama H, Nukui S, Akamatu M, Hasegawa Y, Nishikido O, Inoue S (2017) Effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation for painful camptocormia with Pisa syndrome in Parkinson’s disease: a case report. This chapter will review the published evidence for SCS in PD and discuss possible mechanisms for motor improvement in PD in addition to pain alleviation.Īgari T, Date I (2012) Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of abnormal posture and gait disorder in patients with Parkinson’s disease. SCS has no current regulatory approval for usage in PD motor symptomatology and many of the benefits of SCS in PD patient have been incidentally observed in PD patients who were implanted with SCS for chronic pain. Over the past decade, there has been a growing numbers of animal and human studies suggesting that SCS may improve motor symptoms, especially gait dysfunction problems such as freezing, in patients with PD. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an older form of electrical neuromodulation and has been used in humans for decades to treat primarily chronic pain disorders. Although DBS has been shown to improve many of the cardinal motor symptoms of PD including dyskinesias, bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, DBS has not shown consistent benefit for gait dysfunction in PD. Invasive high frequency electrical stimulation of the brain, deep brain stimulation (DBS), has become a standard of care intervention for improving motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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